The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) does not allow generation and expansion of antitumor effector cells. One of the potent immunosuppressive factors present in the TME is the indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme, produced mainly by cancer cells and suppressive immune cells of myeloid origin. In fact, IDO⁺ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and dendritic cells (DC) tend to be more suppressive than their IDO⁻ counterparts. Hence, therapeutic approaches that would target the IDO⁺ cells in the TME, while sparing the antigen-presenting functions of IDO⁻ myeloid populations, are needed. Using an IDO-specific peptide vaccine (IDO vaccine), we explored the possibility of generating effector cells against IDO and non-IDO tumor-derived antigens. For this, IDO-secreting (B16F10 melanoma) and non–IDO-secreting (TC-1) mouse tumor models were employed. We showed that the IDO vaccine significantly reduced tumor growth and enhanced survival of mice in both the tumor models, which associated with a robust induction of IDO-specific effector cells in the TME. The IDO vaccine significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of non-IDO tumor antigen–specific vaccines, leading to an increase in the number of total and antigen-specific activated CD8⁺ T cells (IFNγ⁺ and granzyme B⁺). Treatment with the IDO vaccine significantly reduced the numbers of IDO⁺ MDSCs and DCs, and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in both tumor models, resulting in enhanced therapeutic ratios. Together, we showed that vaccination against IDO is a promising therapeutic option for both IDO-producing and non–IDO-producing tumors. The IDO vaccine selectively ablates the IDO⁺ compartment in the TME, leading to a significant enhancement of the immune responses against other tumor antigen–specific vaccines.